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Should you get a second passport?

For many Nigerians, the idea of acquiring a second passport is increasingly appealing. The Nigerian passport is ranked 94th globally on the Henley Passport Index as of 2024. This provides access to only 46 visa-free or visa-on-arrival destinations. While the passport grants access to some regional and global opportunities, it comes with significant limitations. Nigerian passport holders often face strict visa requirements, long processing times, and prejudices at immigration checkpoints worldwide.

The challenges tied to a low-ranking passport like the Nigerian document make the search for a second passport desirable and for some, necessary. However, acquiring a new passport is neither straightforward nor inexpensive. There are critical factors to consider before making this significant investment.

Should you get a second passport?

The answer depends on your needs. Here are some scenarios where an alternative passport could be beneficial to you:

Travel convenience: A second passport can open visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to countries that are otherwise difficult to visit with your Nigerian passport. This can save time, effort, and money spent on visa applications.
Economic opportunities: Some passports provide access to better work opportunities, international business markets, or global investments.
Educational access: Certain citizenships can give you easier access to high-quality education systems. And with this, you no longer have to pay international tuition fees.
Personal security: A second passport could be a safety net that allows you to relocate to a safer country if needed.
Tax optimization: Some countries have favourable tax programs, which business owners or high-net-worth individuals can benefit from.

Types of programs for acquiring a new passport

There are various pathways to a second citizenship.

Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
CBI involves making a substantial financial contribution to a country. This can be done by investing in real estate, government bonds, or national development funds. Countries like St. Kitts and Nevis, Dominica, and Grenada are some popular destinations offering this pathway.

Residency by Investment (RBI)

While RBI does not grant immediate citizenship, it gives permanent residency status, which can lead to citizenship after a specified period. Countries like Portugal and Greece are common for this route.

Naturalisation
Acquiring citizenship through marriage, employment, or extended residency in a country. This route usually requires one to live in the country for several years.

Ancestry-based citizenship
Some countries allow individuals with ancestral ties to obtain citizenship. For example, Nigerians with Irish, Italian, or Ghanaian ancestry may explore this route.

What countries offer second citizenship programs?

Knowing the programs available is only the first step. Next, consider the options available and conduct your research into these countries. Some popular destinations for Nigerians include:

Caribbean countries, offering visa-free access to over 140 countries including the UK and Schengen Area via CBI:

St. Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Dominica
Grenada

European countries offering residency or citizenship options

Portugal
Malta
Cyprus

African countries offering affordable and accessible pathways for dual nationality

Ghana
Rwanda

Eligibility criteria

Every country has specific requirements for granting second citizenship. However, common criteria you’ll come across include:

Proof of clean criminal records.
Demonstrated financial capability to support investment requirements.
Evidence of good health.
Background checks to verify the source of funds for investments.

Cost of acquiring citizenship

The cost of acquiring a second passport can range from thousands to millions of dollars. Caribbean countries’ Citizenship-by-Investment programs often range from $100,000 to $200,000 while Portugal’s Golden Visa starts at around €280,000. The Programs in Ghana or Rwanda may cost less but they require longer residency periods.

Risks of acquiring a new passport

While a second passport has many advantages, there are some risks to be aware of:

Beware of unverified agents who promise shortcuts or bypass legitimate processes. Always work with licensed, reputable agencies.
Some countries retain the right to revoke citizenship if the terms are violated.
The programs may change based on political shifts.
While citizenship revocation is a risk for some countries, Nigeria allows its citizens to have multiple citizenships.

How to find trusted agents

Finding the right advisor or agent is critical to the process. Here’s how to identify credible professionals:

Ensure the agent is licensed to operate in the country it’s offering the citizenship program.
Ask for testimonials and speak to their past clients who have successfully obtained citizenship.
Check online reviews, forums like Nairaland, and independent resources to confirm an agent’s reputation.

With these tips, you are off to a good start in your research for a second passport.